通过 Python 把图片转换为 ASCII art,好玩!

百家 作者:AI100 2021-09-30 17:13:57

作者 |周萝卜

来源 |萝卜大杂烩

相信很多人都知道 ASCII art,这是一种使用可打印 ASCII 字符集来构图的图形设计技术。这种艺术最简单的形式就是表情符号,例如:-) 或 :-3,今天我们就来制作更为复杂的图像

image 的本质

首先,我们先来阐明下图像在计算机系统中的表示方式。图片通常以 .png 或 .jpg 等格式存储在磁盘上,所有这些文件类型都具有相似的结构:它们大致由标题和数据部分组成,前者存储有关图像的有用信息,例如其格式签名,而后者存储实际的像素数据
我们看到的图像实际由像素组成,像素是我们都熟悉的光栅图像中最小的可寻址元素,它们通常表示为一组通道,也称为颜色。在最常见的颜色值中,有经典的 RGB(红绿蓝)和 RGBA(红绿蓝 Alpha)。两者之间的区别在于后者有一个额外的通道,称为“alpha”,用于指定图像的不透明度。
RGBA 是我们将要使用的,因为它也可以用来表示空背景

将 pixels 转换为 ASCCII

现在我们已经了解了图像的表示方式,接下来讨论如何将像素转换为实际的 ASCII 字符
要理解这一点,我们首先看一下像素颜色强度,该值是指所有像素通道的总和除以通道可以具有的最大值的总和(在本例中为 255)
#?Import?types?for?clarity
from?typing?import?NewType,?Tuple

#?Maximum?value?the?sum?of?the?pixel's?channel?values?can?reach
MAX_CHANNEL_VALUES?=?255?*?4

#?Defining?an?RGBA?pixel?type?as?a?tuple?of?4?integers
Pixel?=?NewType("Pixel",?Tuple[int,?int,?int,?int])

#?Returns?the?pixel's?intensity?value?as?a?float
def?get_pixel_intensity(pixel:?Pixel)?->?float:
????#?Sum?of?the?pixel's?channel?values?divided?by?the?maximum?possible?intensity
????return?sum(pixel)?/?MAX_CHANNEL_VALUES
为了清晰起见,我们在第一行导入了静态类型
在上述代码中,我们定义了一个新的 Pixel 类型,一个由四个整数组成的元组,每个整数代表一个 RGBA 像素中的一个通道。然后我们又定义了一个函数来提取给定像素的强度,首先将所有通道值相加,然后将结果除以像素通道可以达到的最大值,从而有效地获得强度百分比。
一旦我们计算了像素的强度,就可以将其映射到 ASCII 字符。为此,我们必须定义一个用于表示像素的字符集
#?Character?set?for?out?ASCII?arts
CHARACTERS?=?('?',?'.',?'°',?'*',?'o',?'O',?'#',?'@')

#?Restuns?the?character?that?corresponds?to?the?given?pixel?intensity
def?map_intensity_to_character(intensity:?float)?->?CHARACTERS:
????return?CHARACTERS[round(intensity?*?len(CHARACTERS))]
字符集的顺序是从空格@,这意味着像素越密集,其对应的 ASCII 字符占用的空间就越多
该函数将给定的像素强度映射到集合中的一个字符,强度 * len(CHARACTERS) 的结果四舍五入,因为索引必须是整数
现在,让我们用一个简单的脚本将这些代码片段组合在一起
#?Import?an?image?library?for?the?sake?of?simplicity
from?PIL?import?Image
#?Import?argv?for?command?line?arguments
from?sys?import?argv

#?Transforms?an?image?into?a?string?of?ASCII?characters
def?convert_image(image:?Image)?->?str:
??ascii_string?=?''
??#?Iterate?over?every?pixel?of?the?image
??for?pixel?in?image.getdata():
????intensity?=?get_pixel_intensity(pixel)
????character?=?map_intensity_to_character(intensity)
????ascii_string?+=?character
??return?ascii_string

def?main():
??#?Get?the?image?name?from?the?command?line?arguments?list
??image_name?=?argv[1]
??#?Open?the?image?file?using?the?PIL?image?library
??image?=?Image.open(image_name)
??#?Convert?the?image?to?a?string?of?ASCII?characters
??ascii_image?=?convert_image(image)

if?__name__?==?'__main__':
??main()

查看 ASCII

一旦我们获得了图像 ASCII 字符串的表示方法,接下来就是通过一种以图形方式查看它的方法,最简单的方法就是将其打印到控制台。由于图像通常按像素行组织,因此在打印它们时,我们也必须相应地使用换行符
在这里,我们编写了一个简单的函数,将 ASCII 打印到控制台以及如何从主函数调用
#?Prints?the?given?ASCII?art
#?size?is?a?Tuple?containing?the?width?and?height?of?the?image
def?print_ascii_art(size:?Tuple[int,?int],?characters:?str):
??index?=?0
??#?Iterate?over?all?the?rows?of?the?image
??for?_?in?range(size[1]):
????#?Print?a?number?of?characters?equal?to?the?width?of?the?image
????#?from?the?ascii?string
????print(characters[index:index+size[0]])
????index?+=?size[0]

def?main():
??image_name?=?argv[1]
??image?=?Image.open(image_name)
??ascii_image?=?convert_image(image)
??#?Actually?print?the?ASCII?image?to?the?console
??print_ascii_art(image.size,?ascii_image)
我们先转换一张简单的图片

python?converter.py?image.png
Output:

可以看到,图像还是有些失真,我们再进行下优化
使用 HTML 来展示转换后的图像
#?The?starting?point?of?the?generated?HTML?file
HTML_TEMPLATE?=?"""
<!DOCTYPE?html>
<html?lang="en">
<head>
????<meta?charset="UTF-8">
????<meta?http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"?content="IE=edge">
????<meta?name="viewport"?content="width=device-width,?initial-scale=1.0">
????<title>ASCII?Art</title>
</head>
<body>
????<div?style="background-color:?black;?color:?white;">
????????<pre>{}</pre>
????</div>
</body>
</html>
"""


def?ascii_image_to_html(image_name:?str,?characters:?str,?size:?Tuple[int,?int]):
??#?Open?an?HTML?file?for?writing?with?the?'.html'?extension
??with?open(image_name?+?'.html',?'w')?as?image_file:
????ascii_image?=?''????
????index?=?0
????#?Generate?the?ASCII?image?as?explained?before
????for?_?in?range(size[1]):
??????#?Manually?add?a?newline?character?at?the?end?of?each?row?or?characters
??????ascii_image?+=?characters[index:index+size[0]]?+?'\n'
??????index?+=?size[0]
????#?Finally?write?the?ASCII?string?to?the?HTML?file?using?the?template??
????image_file.write(HTML_TEMPLATE.format(ascii_image))

def?main():
??image_name?=?argv[1]
??image?=?Image.open(image_name)
??ascii_image?=?convert_image(image)
??#?Save?the?result?in?an?HTML?file
??ascii_image_to_html(image_name,?ascii_image,?image.size)
下面就来看看不同图片转换成 ASCII 之后的效果吧





下面是完整代码
#!/usr/bin/env?python3
from?typing?import?Tuple,?NewType
from?PIL?import?Image
from?sys?import?argv


Pixel?=?NewType("Pixel",?Tuple[int,?int,?int,?int])

CHARACTERS?=?('?',?'.',?'°',?'*',?'o',?'O',?'#',?'@')

MAX_CHANNEL_INTENSITY?=?255
MAX_CHANNEL_VALUES?=?MAX_CHANNEL_INTENSITY?*?4?#?4?is?the?number?of?channels?of?a?Pixel

HTML_TEMPLATE?=?"""
<!DOCTYPE?html>
<html?lang="en">
<head>
????<meta?charset="UTF-8">
????<meta?http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"?content="IE=edge">
????<meta?name="viewport"?content="width=device-width,?initial-scale=1.0">
????<title>ASCII?Art</title>
</head>
<body>
????<div?style="background-color:?black;?color:?white;?line-height:?10px">
????????<pre>{}</pre>
????</div>
</body>
</html>
"""



def?map_intensity_to_character(intensity:?float)?->?CHARACTERS:
????return?CHARACTERS[round(intensity?*?len(CHARACTERS))]


def?get_pixel_intensity(pixel:?Pixel)?->?float:
????return?sum(pixel)?/?1020?#?1020?=?255?*?4


def?print_ascii_art(size:?Tuple[int,?int],?characters:?str):
????index?=?0
????for?_?in?range(size[1]):
????????print(characters[index:index+size[0]])
????????index?+=?size[0]


def?ascii_image_to_html(image_name:?str,?characters:?str,?size:?Tuple[int,?int]):
????with?open(image_name?+?'.html',?'w')?as?image_file:
????????ascii_image?=?''????
????????index?=?0
????????for?_?in?range(size[1]):
????????????ascii_image?+=?characters[index:index+size[0]]?+?'\n'
????????????index?+=?size[0]
????????image_file.write(HTML_TEMPLATE.format(ascii_image))


def?convert_image(image:?Image)?->?str:
????ascii_string?=?''
????for?pixel?in?image.getdata():
????????intensity?=?get_pixel_intensity(pixel)
????????character?=?map_intensity_to_character(intensity)
????????ascii_string?+=?character
????return?ascii_string


def?main()?->?None:

????image_name?=?argv[1]
????image?=?Image.open(image_name)

????print(image.size,?image.mode,?image.size,?image.getcolors())

????ascii_image?=?convert_image(image)

????#print_ascii_art(image.size,?ascii_image)

????ascii_image_to_html(image_name,?ascii_image,?image.size)


if?__name__?==?'__main__':
????main()
原文地址:https://towardsdatascience.com/convert-pictures-to-ascii-art-ece89582d65b

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