酷应用

这大概是世界上最讨厌猫的国家

百家作者：新周刊 2020-05-12 11:00:58

本文转载自浪潮工作室

点击上方视频播放，看看澳大利亚人打了100年的惨烈战争。

以下为文字稿。

如果你来到澳洲，可能会看到这样的景象：

荒无人烟的戈壁滩上，竖起了长达万里的铁丝围栏；

大草原上空，轰鸣的飞机洒下一团团暗色物质；

安静的土地上，突然传来炸弹的一声巨响，尘土飞扬……

这是澳大利亚人打了一百多年，还没打完的战争。

这场战争的敌人，是澳大利亚的入侵动物。这是字面意义上的战争，是真刀真枪的战争。最关键的是，他们还失败了。

澳大利亚，入侵动物的天堂

澳大利亚有2500多万人口，和上海市人口差不多。但澳大利亚的面积是上海的一千多倍。

和澳大利亚人民一起共享这片国土的还有：

约100万头的野骆驼、可能多达630万只的野猫、约720万只的赤狐、约2350万头的野猪、约2亿只的兔子、约2亿只的甘蔗蟾蜍、以及数量不详的澳大利亚野狗，它们才是澳大利亚真正的“主人”。

但是再可爱的动物，到了澳大利亚都可能变成入侵狂魔。

比如兔子。你只要在一个足球场放上一只兔子，就可以让那里寸草不生。

这些超能吃的兔子，甚至抢走了牛和羊的食物。羊毛产量下降可达17%。

澳大利亚的羊毛产业每年因为兔子遭受的损失就高达1.3亿美元。在这个数字面前，兔子可能带来的毛皮和兔肉收益根本不值一提。

其他入侵动物虽然在数量上不如兔子，但也在给人“添堵"上很有心得。

比如野猫。它们至少威胁到澳大利亚35种鸟类、36种哺乳动物、7种爬行动物、3种两栖动物的生存。

实际上，早在19世纪末，野猫就曾造成麦岛鹦鹉的灭绝。

又比如块头巨大的野生骆驼。它们要么不喝水，要么就一次喝上百升。在干旱季节，它们就会抢走人类和本土动物的水。

每年，澳大利亚因为管理和控制入侵动物以及由入侵动物造成的经济损失高达136亿美元。

入侵动物，为什么偏爱澳大利亚

这些入侵动物不是自己跑到澳大利亚来的，而是被世界各地前往澳大利亚安家的人们带来的。

1870年，骆驼从印度等地被运入澳大利亚，用来当作运输工具；

1935年，甘蔗蟾蜍从中美洲被引进澳大利亚用来消灭甘蔗园里的害虫；

1859年，兔子从欧洲被引入澳大利亚，用来消遣打猎。

最讽刺的是，野猫是为了控制兔子数量增长而引进的，最后分布范围比兔子还要广泛，已经“占领”了澳大利亚“99%”的土地。

澳大利亚大部分地区不适宜人类定居，内陆更是千米不见人。

但入侵动物可不会这么挑，这些具有超强生存能力和繁殖能力的入侵动物迅速占领了澳大利亚。

生存能力强的典型代表是野骆驼。

它们可以长期不进食不喝水，与澳大利亚完美匹配，而且还不易遭受多种致病微生物的侵袭。

繁殖能力强的典型代表则是兔子。

今天澳大利亚的绝大多数兔子，都是1859年24只野兔子的后代。到20世纪20年代，兔子已经暴涨到100亿只。

入侵动物之所以能在澳大利亚疯狂肆虐，还因为这里缺少大型食肉动物。

澳大利亚的古巨蜥、袋狮等本土大型食肉动物在数万年前就已经灭绝，袋狼也被人类和澳大利亚野犬联合剿灭。

环境适宜，又缺少天敌，澳大利亚自然就成了入侵动物的“极乐世界”了。

应对入侵动物

澳大利亚人操碎了心

澳大利亚建起的数千公里铁丝网，就是为了防范澳大利亚野犬和兔子。

除了“筑墙”，澳大利亚人还通过设置陷阱、破坏栖息地、投毒、射杀、生物学控制等方式多管齐下“对抗”入侵动物。

对于野猪和野骆驼这样体型较大的动物，更多的是采取射杀。

而要想精确打击小巧又移动迅捷的小动物，就需要投毒。

被称为PAPP的4'-氨基苯丙酮，因为见效快、解毒剂易得，而被广泛用来消灭狐狸、野狗和野猫。

从上世纪50年代开始，科学家们还将粘液瘤病毒和兔出血症病毒带到澳大利亚。

最开始，这两种病毒能消灭90%以上的兔子。

可惜，在兔子种群产生“群体免疫”之后，病毒也就慢慢失效。

澳大利亚人只好继续开发新的病毒，并等待更有效的方式出现。

有一点毫无疑问，在庞大的入侵动物面前，人类“吃货”的战力不值一提。

这是浪潮工作室知识短视频栏目《答案如下》第6期。

点击下方视频播放，看看澳大利亚人打了100年的惨烈战争。

剪辑：刘畅

动效：高婷

视觉：王荧荧、张议文

策划：于米、李太南、陆小雨、程渔亮

图片来源：

视觉中国、GettyImages、Wikipedia、Wikimedia?Commons、The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

视频素材：

1.??? Hope for Australia's wildlife - Australian Wildlife Conservancy

2.??? Wild Dog Fence Camerons Corner - Security Camera Gmail

3.??? AWC trials new drone technology for monitoring wildlife - Australian Wildlife Conservancy

4.??? A wild camel is captured and fitted with a tracking device - Judas Colla

5.??? Camel Herding with a Chopper - Australia with Simon Reeve – BBC

6.??? Big Bucks- feral goats recognized as a serious asset - Meet the Ferals Ep 5 - ABC Australia

7.??? Covet catch or cull- feral brumbies in Australia - Meet the Ferals Ep 1 - ABC Australia

8.??? FERAL - the battle over Hawaii's cats DOCUMENTARY TRAILER - Escape The Zoo

9.??? Shooting Cats - Australia's War on Feral Cats - VICE

10.? Missy, hunter extraordinaire - Cat video alert!! - argofilms

11.? Feral Hogs Are Tearing Up Texas, So Tourists Are Shooting Them from Helicopters - VICE News

12.? Pigs on the run. Western NSW pig hunt - Hunting with Stu

13.? Hares Play Hard to Get - Animal All-Stars - Nat Geo WILD

14.? Top Gear Vs 4,000 Cows - Top Gear

15.? Australia Wild Shepherdess with Kate Humble - BBC Documentary

16.? The Western Australian Sheep Industry - Department of Agriculture and Food

17.? Working together to combat Wild Dogs - Australian Wool Innovation Ltd

18.? Australia's plan to kill 2 million cats to combat 'extinction crisis' - ABC Television Stations

19.? Camel drinks from the hose - camelsandfriends

20.? Australian Outback 4K Drone Footage - Nicholas Sleigh

21.? AUSTRALIAN ROADTRIP - DJI Mavic Pro - 4K - NTTK Travels

22.? CSIRO achieves COVID 19 vaccine milestone - CSIRO

23.? Uluru Camel Tours- Northern Territory - Australia

24.? Invasive Cane Toads Are Threatening Australia's Native Wildlife - Jeremy Wade's Dark Waters - Animal Planet

25.? Invasive Species 101 - National Geographic

26.? Wolf Pack Hunts A Hare - The Hunt - BBC Earth

27.? Australia's Golden Outback - Matthew Vandeputte

28.? Brown Hare in Love 4K - Peter Garrity

29.? Camel Herding with a Chopper - Australia with Simon Reeve - BBC

30.? Three Crazy Camels! - Kangaroo Dundee

31.? A wild camel is captured and fitted with a tracking device. - Judas Collar

32.? Camel Mustering on Aboriginal Lands in Outback Australia - Join us in 2020

33.? Rabbits, Hares and Foxes in Suburban Environments - Ayden Doumtsis

34.? SUPER CUTE Australian Animals 4K!! - Roar Media Group

35.? EXCLUSIVE- AWC footage of a dingo hunting a feral pig - Australian Wildlife Conservancy

36.? Wolf Pack Hunts A Hare - The Hunt - BBC Earth

37.? Exclusion fence cluster Wild dogs Armadale NSW - Waratah Fencing

38.? Judas Collar Trailer - Flicker fest Cairns - 13 March 2019 - Ticketlink

39.? Clipex - Exclusion Fencing - Clipex Fencing & Stockyards

40.? A110 Adler in action against feral pigs in Australia - Hunting with Stu

41.? How to lay RHDV (rabbit virus) baits on your site - PestSmart

42.? Poison Baiting for Rabbit Control - PestSmart

43.? Rabbit warren fumigation - PestSmart

44.? Red fox mom nursing 11 babies. The babies are so pushy they actually rotate her.? With music - EPIC Nature

45.? These Dingo Pups Can Get into a Lot of Trouble Unsupervised (4K) - Smithsonian Channel

46.? History Brief- Dust Bowl Pests - Reading Through History

47.? The 160 year battle against Australia's worst invasive - Meet the Ferals - ABC Australia

49.? Extremely Rare Footage - Pack of Dingoes Hunting Asiatic Water Buffalo in Australia - Donnie Vincent

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Slide Rules - Tom Quick & Adam Drake

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